Forest Tree Seed Management and Research

1. Constraints to Seed Ontogeny and Seed Production in Thailand: an Overview
2. Effect of Seed Sources and Temperatures on Germination
   of Chukrasia velutina Wight & Arn. Seeds
3. Insect Boring of Afzelia xylocarpa Craib Seed and Its Effect on Seed Germination
4. Variation in Stages of Maturation and Germination of Seeds in the Same Inflorescence
   of Neem (Azadirachta indica var siamensis)
5. The Number of Seeds Contained and Fruit Sizes on Germination of Teak (Tectona grandis L.)
6. Effect of Fertilizer on Seed Production of Teak in Dong Lan Seed Orchard, Khon Kaen Province
7. Teak Fruit: Size and Some Characteristics Related to The Number of Seeds
8. Effect of Different Presowing Treatments on Germination of 10 Forest Tree Seeds

By… Winai Silikul

ABSTRACT

Differences in flowering between provenances, clones, and individual trees represent major difficulties when establishing tree improvement programs. This paper reviews the literature on factors associated with constraints to seed ontogeny and seed production in the four most important tree species in Thailand: Tectona grandis L., Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon, Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vries, and Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. Principal difficulties examined are juvenility, clonal variation, and genotype x environment interactions.

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Technical Publication No. 14, ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre Project 1992, Muak-Lek, Saraburi 18180, Thailand

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By… Pathum Boonarutee and Pisal Wasuwanich

ABSTRACT

Effect of seed sources and temperatures on germination of Chukrasia velutina Wight & Arn. seeds was carried out. This experiment was laid out in Completely randomized design, CRD with 3x3 Factorial Experimental comprising 2 factors: seed sources and temperatures, with 4 replicates. Three parameters of seed germination were calculated for statistical analysis: total germination in per cent, rate of germination (R50) and germination value.

Results of the experiment clearly showed that only the temperatures and the interaction between temperatures and seed sources were highly statistically different, but seed sources were not statistically different. It was found that germination value was the most appropriate parameter to interpret effect of seed sources and temperatures on germination of Chukrasia velutina seeds in comparison to total germination and rate of germination. The suitable temperatures were 35/30, 30, 25, 30/25 and 35/20⁰C. According to the interaction between seed sources from Doi Tao, Chiang Mai and Thoen, Lampang, it was found that both seed sources required the temperatures of 35/30, 30, 25 and 30/25⁰C for optimum germination which are similar to the effect of temperatures as mentioned earlier.

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รายงานวนวัฒนวิจัย ประจำปี 2542 ส่วนวนวัฒนวิจัย สำนักวิชาการป่าไม้ หน้า 183-199

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By… Amnuayporn Choldumrongkul and Pisal Wasuwanich

ABSTRACT

The insect boring of Afzelia xylocarpa Craib seed and its effect on seed germination were studied at Seed Laboratory, Royal Forest Department. Ten kilograms of A. xylocarpa seeds were destroyed by the longicorn beetle, Rhaphuma motschulskyi Ganglbauere, belonging to Family Cerambycidae, Order Coleoptera. The numbers of germinated seeds were significantly different among control and other pretreatments. Soaking in hot water was the best method. However, insect emerged holes at the aril of seeds helped improve the seed germination.

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รายงานการประชุมวิชาการป่าไม้ ประจำปี 2537 ระหว่างวันที่ 21-25 พฤศจิกายน 2537 สุราษฎร์ธานี, หน้า 179-189.

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By… Bundit Ponoy, Nutthakorn Semsuntud and Pin Kuekul

Abstract

The study on variation in seed maturation of neem was conducted using 5 years old neem (Azadirachta indica var siamensis) stand at the ASEAN Forest Tree Seed Centre to find out the differences in fruit and seed development in the same inflorescence that affected to seed germination. The reult showed that the duration from the first to the last flowers in the same inflorescence to open was 3 weeks and an average number of opening flowers in each day was 12-49. This resulted to the different stages of fruit development in the same inflorescence and remained on the crown. They could be classified into 4 stages, including greenish yellow with firm mesocarp, yellow with soft mesocarp, yellow brown with very soft mesocarp and brown with dry mesocarp fruits. After collecting these fruits, they were depulped manually and dried under the shade for 2 days and then germination test was carried out. The result indicated that greenish yellow with firm mesocarp and yellow with soft mesocarp fruits showed the highest germination percentage (100%) whereas yellow brown with very soft mesocarp fruits had a lower germination percentage (95%). However, brown with dry mesocarp exhibited very low percent of germination (35%).

The study suggested that to obtain high quality seeds even from the same inflorescence, collection of greenish yellow with firm mesocarp and yellow with

soft mesocarp fruits should be the best. Yellow brown with very soft mesocarp fruits should be good enough for immediately producing seedlings but not for seed storage. Collection of brown with dry mesocarp fruits should be avoided or collected separately or discarded if sufficient better quality fruits are available.

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รายงานวนวัฒนวิจัย ประจำปี 2542 ส่วนวนวัฒนวิจัย สำนักวิชาการป่าไม้ หน้า 200-208

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By… Amnuayporn Choldumrongkul and Malee Siratanatum

ABSTRACT

Study on the number of seeds and fruit sizes on germination of teak (Tectona grandis L.) were held at Mae Tha seed orchard, Mae Tha district, Lampang province and seed laboratory, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok. Nine plus trees of 25 years old were selected and fruits were collected on January 1999. Diameter of 1,000 sample fruits per tree were measured and grouped into 3 levels including, small (<11 mm), medium (11-14 mm) and large (>14 mm). X-ray technique was used to examine the number of viable seeds which were then sowed in sowing tray. Germination, germination index and growth rate of teak seedlings were observed and statistically analysed using ANOVA and LSD.

The number of seeds per fruit affect the germination, germination index and seedling growth. For the fruit containing 4 seeds, seeds had the highest germination, averaging 41.78% but appear was no significantly difference from that of 3-seed containing fruit (34.36%). The fruit with 2 and 1 seed showed the low seed germination as 4.16% and 3.33%, respectively. However, the fruit sizes are attributed to the number of seed per fruit too. For the large and medium-sized fruit with more than 2 seeds, seeds had higher germination than that of small-sized one fruit containing. Also, seed germinability between those two groups differs significantly.

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รายงานวนวัฒนวิจัย ประจำปี 2542 ส่วนวนวัฒนวิจัย สำนักวิชาการป่าไม้ หน้า 209-217

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By… Supiya Wongnonthi

ABSTRACT

The study on the effect of fertilizer on seed production of teak was conducted at Dong Lan seed orchard, Chum Pae district, Khon Kaen province. The teak seed orchard was planed in 1974 (22 years old), with 12x12 m. spacing. The dbh and height growth of the trees were 15-20 cm. and 15-18 m. respectively. The crown diameter was 7-10 m. The experimental design was split-plot design with 3 replications. The experimental plots were applied with 3 different formulars of fertilizer (main plot); (1) no fertilizer (2) application of chemical fertilizer N:P:K 16-16-16 at 2 kg./tree (3) application of chemical fertilizer N:P:K 9-24-24 at 2 kg./tree, in each main plot fixed 10 families of plus trees as sub plot.

The result revealed that there were significant difference in formular of fretilizer, plus tree families and interaction between fertilizer and families (p<0.01). The teak seed production were 1.23 kg./tree in control plot, 2.63 kg./tree in application plot with chemical fertilizer N:P:K 16-16-16 and 1.75 kg./tree in application plot with chemical fertilizer N:P:K 9-24-24.

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รายงานวนวัฒนวิจัย ประจำปี 2542 ส่วนวนวัฒนวิจัย สำนักวิชาการป่าไม้ หน้า 103-109

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By… Amnuayporn Choldumrongkul and Santi Kittibunpacha

ABSTRACT

Study on size and some characteristics of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) fruit related to the number of seeds was held at Mae Tha seed orchard, Mae Tha district, Lampang province and seed laboratory, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok. Nine plus trees of 25 years old were selected and fruits from 4 different directions as North, South, East and West were collected on January 1999. Weight and number of fruits were weighed and counted in the field after cleaning. Sampling of 240 fruits from each direction per tree were measured in two dimensions of diameter and height of fruit. X-ray technique was used for examination the number of seed containing. ANOVA was used to analyze the size among different directions. Percentage of all seed classes (0-4 seeds/fruit) were compared among the size, form and shape of fruit.

There were 1,512 fruits/tree and an average diameter was 13.03 mm with 0.52 gm/fruit. However, 1 kg of fruit contained 1,923 fruit with 34.24% were empty. There was no significantly difference among the size in all directions, but small size (8.78-11.73 mm) showed very high percentage of empty fruit at 50.76% in average and percentage declined in the large size. Otherwise, prolate form showed very high percentage of empty fruit with 55.95%, whereas spherical and oblate form showed lower percentage of empty fruit. The shape showed a little correlation with the number of seeds.

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วารสารเทคโนโลยีสุรนารี. 6(2): 84-90.

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By… Pathum Boonarutee, Chamnong Kanchanaburangura and Pisal Wauwanich

ABSTRACT

The study on effects of seed presowing treatments on germination of 10 forest tree species, after storage for 1 year, was conducted to increase the germination rate of the seeds by considering germination value. Five different presowing treatments were used, including seed cutting at the opposite end to the radicle, soaking seeds in conc. Sulphuric acid for 15 minutes, soaking seeds in boiling water at 98?C and leave them cool for 24 hours and control.

The result showed that seed cutting was the most suitable presowing treatment to increase seed germination of 8 species, including Acacia catechu, Cassia bicapsularis, Cassia fistula, C. garrettiana, C. siamea, C. surattensis, Dalbergia cochinchinensis and D. oliveri. Whereas treating the seeds with conc. Sulphuric acid was effective for C. siamea, C. garrettiana and D. cultrata. For Delonix regia seeds, germination can be improved by soaking the seeds in boiling water at 98?C and leave them cool for 24 hours. However, no significantly difference in seed germination of C. garrettiana and C. siamea after treating with seed cutting method and with conc. Sulphuric acid.

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รายงานวนวัฒนวิจัย ประจำปี 2542 ส่วนวนวัฒนวิจัย สำนักวิชาการป่าไม้ หน้า 162-182

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